Enforcamento Homicida Mascarado como Suicídio: Revisão Integrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17063/bjfs11(2)y202278-92Keywords:
Autopsia, Homicídio, Lesões do pescoço, Medicina legalAbstract
Estima-se que um a cada mil casos de enforcamento seja de natureza homicida, contudo avalia-se que esse dado é subestimado pelo mascaramento de homicídios como suicídio. Esta revisão objetiva analisar os achados necroscópicos em enforcamentos de etiologia homicida e identificar seus sinais de alerta de interesse médico-legal. Esta pesquisa trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa de relatos de caso, dos quais foram selecionados 6 artigos que reportaram um total de 8 casos de enforcamentos homicidas. O resultado da revisão demonstrou que os enforcamentos de etiologia homicida comumente exigem que o assassino tenha vantagem física sobre a vítima, para minimizar ou evitar reação desta. Houve fratura das estruturas do pescoço na metade dos casos analisados, sendo mais comum a fratura do osso hioide, da cartilagem tireoide e da cartilagem cricoide. Os principais sinais de alerta de importância à necrópsia envolvem o sulco de enforcamento, as reações vitais da vítima e lesões que não se relacionam com o mecanismo de morte do enforcamento.
References
Croce D. Manual de Medicina Legal. 8. ed. rev. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2012.
França GV. Medicina Legal. 11. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2017.
Spitz WU. Spitz and Fisher's medicolegal investigation of death: guidelines for the application of pathology to crime scene investigation. 4th ed. Springfield: 2006. Cap. 14. p.806-822.
Lew EO. Homicidal hanging in a dyadic death. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1998.
Püschel K, Holtz W, Hildebrand E, Naeve W, Brinkmann E. Suizid oder Tötungsdelikt, Arch. Kriminol. 1984; 142–153.
Doberentz E, Markwerth P, Madea B. Differentiation of homicidal or suicidal strangulation. Forensic Sci Int. 2019; 301:44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.058
Sauvageau A. True and simulated homicidal hangings: a 6 year retrospective study. Med Sci Law 2009; 49:283-90. https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.49.4.283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.49.4.283
Simpson K, Knight B. Forensic medicine, 9th edn. London, Great Britain: Butler & Tanner Ltd., 1985;87–106.
Böhmer K. Tötung durch Erhängen, Dtsch. Z. Ges. Gerichtl. Med. 1939; p.449-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01749411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01749411
Monticelli FC, Brandtner H, Kunz SN, Keller T, Neuhuber F. Homicide by hanging: A case report and its forensic-medical aspects. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015; 33:71-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.04.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.04.006
Sharma L, Khanagwal VP, Paliwal PK. Homicidal hanging. Legal Medicine, 2011; 13:259-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.05.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.05.009
Pollak S, Thierauf-Emberger A. Homicidal assault to the neck with subsequent simulation of self-hanging. Forensic Science International. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.031
Ruwanpura R, Ariyaratne C. A homicide by suspension. Med Sci Law. 2010; 50:224-7. https://doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010028
Geisenberger D, Pollak S, Thierauf-Emberger A. Homicidal strangulation and subsequent hanging of the victim to simulate suicide: Delayed elucidation based on reassessment of the autopsy findings. Forensic Sci Int. 2019; 298:419-423.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.037
Gross, H. Criminal investigation. London: Sweet & Maxwell. 1924.
Chisnall RC. Distinguishing between homicide and suicide knots and ligatures: A comparative analysis of case and survey data. J Forensic Sci. 2021; 66:209-228.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14567
Casper JL. Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine, New Syndenham Society, London, 1862; p. 169–182.
Prasad J, et al. Ligature Mark In Hanging - Gross And Histopathological Examination With Evaluation And Review. Journal of Addiction and Dependence. 2016. https://doi.org/10.15436/2471-061X-16-018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15436/2471-061X-16-018
Yadav A, Gupta BM. Histopathological changes in skin and subcutaneous tissues at ligature site in cases of hanging and strangulation. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2009. 31: 200-204.
Vieira DN, Pinto AE, Sá FO. Homicidal hanging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1988; 94:287-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198812000-00003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198812000-00003
Godin A, Kremer C, Sauvageau A. Fracture of the cricoid as a potential pointer to homicide. A 6-year retrospective study of neck structures fractures in hanging victims. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2012; 33:4-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181d3dc24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181d3dc24
Paparo GP, Siegel H. Neck markings and fractures in suicidal hangings. Forensic Sci Int. 1984; 24:27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(84)90148-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(84)90148-8
Travis LW, Olson NR, Melvin JW, et al. Static and dynamic impact trauma of the human larynx. Trans Sect Otolaryngol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1975; 80 382-390.
Simon A. Vitaler Reaktionen im Bereich der Lendenwirbelsaule beim Erhangen. Wiss Z Univ Halle. 1968;17:591–597.
Nikolić S, Zivković V, Juković F, Babić D, Stanojkovski G. Simon's bleedings: a possible mechanism of appearance and forensic importance--a prospective autopsy study. Int J Legal Med. 2009;1234:293-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-009-0318-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-009-0318-y
Fracasso T, Pfeiffer H. Simon's bleedings in case of incomplete hanging: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008; 29:352-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e31818582bb DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e31818582bb
Reddy KSN. The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 32nd Edition, Om Sai Graphics, Hyderabad, 2013. p. 56.
DiMaio VJ. Homicidal asphyxia. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 2000; 21 (1), 1-4.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200003000-00001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200003000-00001
Hercules HC. Medicina Legal – Texto e Atlas, São Paulo, Editora Atheneu, 2005.
Zátopková L, Janík M, Urbanová P, Mottlová J, Hejna P. Laryngohyoid fractures in suicidal hanging: A prospective autopsy study with an updated review and critical appraisal. Forensic Sci Int. 2018; 290:70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.043
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
